суббота, 24 мая 2008 г.
Mexico
The Byelorussian militiamen have banned smoking in public places
Why Do We Smoke Cigarettes?
The Psychology of Everyday Living
by
Ernest Dichter
None of the much flaunted appeals of cigarette advertisers, such as superior taste and mildness, induces us to become smokers or to choose one brand in preference to another. Despite the emphasis put on such qualities by advertisers, they are minor considerations. This is one of the first facts we discovered when we asked several hundred people, from all walks of life, why they liked to smoke cigarettes. Smoking is as much a psychological pleasure as it is a physiological satisfaction. As one of our respondents explained: "It is not the taste that counts. It's that sense of satisfaction you get from a cigarette that you can't get from anything else."
Smoking is Fun
What is the nature of this psychological pleasure? It can be traced to the universal desire for self-expression. None of us ever completely outgrows his childhood. We are constantly hunting for the carefree enjoyment we knew as children. As we grew older, we had to subordinate our pleasures to work and to the necessity for unceasing effort. Smoking, for many of us, then, became a substitute for our early habit of following the whims of the moment; it becomes a legitimate excuse for interrupting work and snatching a moment of pleasure. "You sometimes get tired of working intensely," said an accountant whom we interviewed, "and if you sit back for the length of a cigarette, you feel much fresher afterwards. It's a peculiar thing, but I wouldn't think of just sitting back without a cigarette. I guess a cigarette somehow gives me a good excuse."
Smoking is a Reward
Most of us are hungry for rewards. We want to be patted on the back. A cigarette is a reward that we can give ourselves as often as we wish. When we have done anything well, for instance, we can congratulate ourselves with a cigarette, which certifies, in effect, that we have been "good boys." We can promise ourselves: "When I have finished this piece of work, when I have written the last page of my report, I'll deserve a little fun. I'll have a cigarette."
The first and last cigarette in the day are especially significant rewards. The first one, smoked right after breakfast, is a sort of anticipated recompense. The smoker has work to do, and he eases himself into the day's activities as pleasantly as possible. He gives himself a little consolation prize in advance, and at the same time manages to postpone the evil hour when he must begin his hard day's work. The last cigarette of the day is like "closing a door." It is something quite definite. One smoker explained: "I nearly always smoke a cigarette before going to bed. That finishes the day. I usually turn the light out after I have smoked the last cigarette, and then turn over to sleep."
Smoking is often merely a conditioned reflex. Certain situations, such as coming out of the subway, beginning and ending work, voluntary and involunatary interruptions of work, feelings of hunger, and many others regulate the timetable of smoking. Often a smoker may not even want a cigarette particularly, but he will see someone else take one and then he feels that he must have one, too.
While to many people smoking is fun, and a reward in itself, it more often accompanies other pleasures. At meals, a cigarette is somewhat like another course. In general, smoking introduces a holiday spirit into everyday living. It rounds out other forms of enjoyment and makes them one hundred per cent satisfactory.
Smoking is Oral Pleasure
As we have said, to explain the pleasure derived from smoking as taste experience alone, is not sufficient. For one thing, such an explanation leaves out the powerful erotic sensitivity of the oral zone. Oral pleasure is just as fundamental as sexuality and hunger. It functions with full strength from earliest childhood. There is a direct connection between thumbsucking and smoking. "In school I always used to chew a pencil or a pen," said a journalist, in reply to our questions. "You should have seen the collection I had. They used to be chewed to bits. Whenever I try to stop smoking for a while, I get something to chew on, either a pipe or a menthol cigarette. You just stick it in your mouth and keep on sucking. And I also chew a lot of gum when I want to cut down on smoking...."
The satisfied expression on a smoker's face when he inhales the smoke is ample proof of his sensuous thrill. The immense power of the yearning for a cigarette, especially after an enforced abstinence, is acknowledged by habitual smokers. One of our respondents said: "When you don't get a cigarette for a long time and you are kind of on pins, the first drag goes right down to your heels."
The Cigarette -- A Modern Hourglass
Frequently the burning down of a cigarette functions psychologically as a time indicator. A smoker waiting for someone who is late says to himself, "Now I'll smoke one more cigarette, and then I am off." One person explained, "It is much easier to watch a cigarette get smaller and smaller than to keep watching a clock and look at the hands dragging along."
In some countries, the farmers report distances in terms of the number of pipes, as, for example, "It's about three pipes from here to Smithtown."
A cigarette not only measures time, but also seems to make time pass more rapidly. That is why waiting periods almost autuomatically stimulate the desire to smoke. But a deeper explanation of this function of smoking is based on the fact that smoking is ersatz activity. Impatience is a common feature of our times, but there are many situations which compel us to be patient. When we are in a hurry, and yet have to wait, a cigarette gives us something to do during that trying interval. The experience of wanting to act, but being unable to do so, is very unpleasant and may even, in extreme cases, cause attacks of nervous anxiety. Cigarettes may then have a psychotherapeutic effect. This helps to explain why soldiers, waiting for the signal to attack, sometimes value a cigarette more than food.
Why Do We Smoke Cigarettes?
from
The Psychology of Everyday Living
by
Ernest Dichter
1947
None of the much flaunted appeals of cigarette advertisers, such as superior taste and mildness, induces us to become smokers or to choose one brand in preference to another. Despite the emphasis put on such qualities by advertisers, they are minor considerations. This is one of the first facts we discovered when we asked several hundred people, from all walks of life, why they liked to smoke cigarettes. Smoking is as much a psychological pleasure as it is a physiological satisfaction. As one of our respondents explained: "It is not the taste that counts. It's that sense of satisfaction you get from a cigarette that you can't get from anything else."
"With a Cigarette I Am Not Alone"
Frequently, our respondents remarked that smoking cigaretees is like being with a friend. Said one, "When I lean back and light my cigarette and see the glow in the dark, I am not alone any more...." In one sense, a cigarette seems to be something alive. When it is lighted it appears to be awakened, brought to life. In a French moving picture (Daybreak) the hunted criminal, played by Jean Gabin, holds out as long as he has his cigarettes. He barricades himself against the police and stands siege courageously for some time -- until his last cigarette is gone. Then he gives up.
The companionable character of cigarettes is also reflected in the fact that they help us make friends. In many ways, smoking has the same effect drinking has. It helps to break down social barriers. Two smokers out on a date light up a cigarette as soon as they get into their car. "It's just the right start for an evening," they say. Immediately they feel at ease, for they have found an interest they both share.
We could report many true anecdotes to illustrate how cigarettes bring people together. One such story was related by a middle-aged lady: "A long time ago, on a steamer, there was a boy I was quite eager to meet... but there was no one to introduce us.... The second day out, he was siting at a table right next to me, and I was puffing away at my cigarette. The ashes on my cigarette were getting longer and longer, and I had no ash tray. Suddenly he jumped up and brought me one. That's how the whole thing started. We are still happily married."
"I Like to Watch the Smoke"
In mythology and religion, smoke is full of meaning. Its floating intangibility and unreal character have made it possible for imaginative man to see therein mystery and magic. Even for us moderns, smoke has a strong fascination. To the cigarette smoker, the clouds he puffs out seem to represent a part of himself. Just as most people like to watch their own breath on cold winter days, so they like to watch cigarette smoke, which similarly makes one's breath visible. This explains the emotional attitudes of many toward smoke. "Smoke is fascinating," said one of the people we interviewed. "I like to watch the smoke. On a rainy day, I sort of lie in a haze in the middle of the room and let my thoughts wander while I smoke and wonder where the smoke goes."
The desire to make things is deep-rooted -- and smoke is manufactured by the smoker himself. Smoking provides satisfaction because it is a playful, creative activity. This fact was well stated by one cigarette devotee as follows: "It's a fascinating thing to watch the smoke take shape. The smoke, like clouds, can form different shapes.... You like to sit back and blow rings and then blow another rings through the first ones. You are perfectly relaxed."
"Got a Match?"
Some of the appeals of a lighted cigarette derive from the appeals of fire in general. Fire is the symbol of life, and the idea of fire is surrounded by much superstition. In this connection, it is interesting to note that traces of superstition can be seen in the smoking habits of modern man. For instance some people never will light three cigarettes on one match. It is said that this superstition is based on experiences during World War I. As three soldiers were lighting up the third man was hit when the light of a match flared up for the last time. Our custom of lighting another smoker's cigarette for him may sometimes have an erotic significance, or it may serve as a friendly gesture. Match and cigarette are contact points.
Smoking Memories
Certain moments in our lives are closely linked with cigarettes. These situations often leave on people's memories an important imprint never to be forgotten. Here is such an occasion, described by an office clerk of twenty-one. "...I can remember the moments when I returned home - no matter how late - after having been out with a girl on a Saturday night. Before going to bed, I'd sit on the fire escape for a while and enjoy a smoke. I'd turn around so that I could see all the smoke going up. At the same time, the windows would be bright with lights on the other side of the courtyard. I would watch what the people were doing. I would sit, and watch, and think about what my girl and I had talked about and what a nice time we had had together. Then I'd throw the cigarette away and go to bed. I feel these were really the most contented moments in my life...."
"I remember one time we were in North Africa on a trip and it was evening," said one of our respondents, a nurse about twenty=seven years of age. "During the day, I had noticed there was a lovely spot to sit, across the way from the hotel where we were staying. I went there at night, and sat looking at the stars and the tall cypresses illuminated against the night sky. I was far away in my thoughts. I was thinking of God and the beautiful world he had made. The smoke from my cigarette rose slowly into the sky. I was alone, and at the time I was a part of all the world around me...."
Smoking Mannerisms
Usually the way we smoke is characteristic of our whole personality. The mannerisms of smokers are innumerable. Some people always have cigarettes drooping from their mouths. Others let the cigarette jump up and down in their mouths while they are talking. Men sometimes complain about the way women smoke: "A lot of women blow out the smoke with a gust of wind, right into your face. They just puff it at you." Some men, when they want to appear to be aggressive, hold their cigarettes with thumb and forefinger so that the glowing end shows toward the palm of the hand.
Often smokers will assume a pose, because they have found that it fits their personality best, or at least they think so. A not too modest glamor girl revealed to us some of her "smoking secrets": "I think it looks so much better to smoke with a holder. I studied that very carefully. Don't you think I'm somewhat of a Latin type? It all really depends on what type you are.... I always have holders that are long and dark. I think a long holder is somewhat like a big hat: it's alluring and 'don't dare come close' at the same time."
While every smoker has to go through the motions of lighting and inhaling the smoke, the way in which these acts are carried out varies according to his mood. The nervous smoker has a faster smoking tempo than the relaxed one. The angry smoker blows the smoke in an aggressive way, almost as if he were trying to blow somebody down. A smoker who is about to ask for a raise in salary will press his lips tightly around the cigarette as if to gain courage by holding it that way.
"Smoking Helps Me Think"
The mind can concentrate best when all outside stimuli have been excluded. Smoking literally provides a sort of "smoke screen" that helps to shut out distractions. This explains why many people who were interviewed reported that they cannot think or write without a cigarette. They argued that moderate smoking may even stimulate mental alertness. It gives us a focal point for our attention. It also gives our hands something to do; otherwise they might make us self-conscious and interfere with mental activity. On the other hand, our respondents admit that smoking too much may reduce their efficiency.
понедельник, 28 апреля 2008 г.
TRAFFICKING IN ITALY SIGARET IS MEEN MAFIAROME
The most unusual runner who ever knew mankind
вторник, 1 апреля 2008 г.
Reemstma accuses Armenian company Cigaronne in plagiarism.
According to the lawyers of one of the world's major producers of cigarettes, a German company Reemstma, the processing reams of Armenian companies with identical packaging design produced by Davidoff cigarettes. That is why Reemstma filed a suit in bankruptcy court in Amsterdam, and looks forward to the adoption of a positive decision, which will lead to the departure of newly competitors in the markets of the Benelux.
As expected, Cigaronne leadership does not agree with his colleagues from Germany, and as stated at the first hearing the case.
General Manager Karen Cigaronne Adonts argues that the external similarity packs did not indicate plagiarism: "Equipment for the manufacture octagonal packs as we well Reemstma Focke received from the company, which owns the license for this type of packaging. Unlike Davidoff using diverse range of colors, we only use black and white. "
The head of the Armenian company is confident that this is an admission of unfair competition. He argued that the company is seeking to oust imenitaya competitor yet to markets Benelux countries, and then in other countries. In fact, more than 70% of its products Armenian company sells outside the country.
Virginia Slims - cigarettes for enthusiastic literature, cinema and art workshops
In the lineup, there's a new product - Virginia Slims Ultra Lights with a silky, soft light and unparalleled taste. It was also lowered tar and nicotine content of cigarettes for Virginia Slims Full Flavor and updated mix of cigarette tobaccos Virginia Slims Lights.
Creativity and communication strategy developed partner Ltd. Philip Morris Marketing Seylz end ", the agency Leo Burnett Moscow. The main idea of the campaign began updating, freshness and creativity: "The creative notes now exist in every woman. Understanding the complexity of the female identity, Virginia Slims gives adult smokers another opportunity to express themselves, not simply encourages follow fashionable trends, and inspired them to create their own style . new soft taste with pleasant light nuances, the new juicy colors on the package, the new design of the logo and brand new writing - all of this campaign talking about the relevance and freshness. "
The campaign is aimed at sophisticated, well-informed, intelligent adult smoking, enthusiastic literature, cinema and art workshops.
The campaign is using media such as advertising in the subway, and the press, as well as information inserts in tutus cigarettes. In addition, information on the upgrade of Virginia Slims cigarettes ruler sent adult smokers have confirmed their desire to receive this kind of message, the dispatch of the postal address. In ground action involving sales of product and build a brand image.
Composition creative group:
Client: OOO Philip Morris Seylz end Marketing "
Brand: VIRGINIA SLIMS
Brand Group: Alexei Lapikov, Ekaterina Ivanova
Agency: Leo Burnett Moscow
Strategic planning: Maria Tiunova, Xenia Samoilova
The head of the creative group: Alexei Smirnov
Copywriter: Natalia Dundina
Art Director: Rada Gerrans
Designer: Maria Kozyrev
Account group: Leila Popovic, Alexandra Smirnova
Illegal fake cigarettes flood into Merseyside
The trade is not only undermining government attempts to encourage people to kick the habit but is also damaging smokers’ health more than ordinary tobacco.
Andy Hull, chairman of Smokefree Liverpool and head of public protection at Liverpool City Council, encouraged people to quit on No Smoking Day but warned of the health risks and scale of the trade.
Samples taken of counterfeit tobacco in the city often contain rat droppings, plastic and floor dust. He estimates around three in five cigarettes in some communities are illegal.
A Tobacco Control Strategy has now been announced in Liverpool to clamp down on the trade.
Trading Standards will be working closely with police and Customs to reduce the amount of the illegal tobacco getting on to the streets of Liverpool.
Mr Hull said: “This is a huge problem that we are tackling.
“Inhaling the things in these cigarettes is more dangerous than smoking tobacco and the amount of people buying them in some communities is very worrying.
“Criminals make enormous profits from selling this tobacco, at the expense of people’s health.”
Pippa Sargent, smoke free programme manager for Heart of Mersey, said: “Smuggled cigarettes, and counterfeit tobacco in general, undermine efforts to support people to quit smoking.
“Cheap cigarettes are likely to influence young people to take up the habit. This could condemn them to a lifetime of nicotine addiction and consequent poor health.
“We need to take action to prevent counterfeit tobacco making smoking the norm for future generations.”
Dr Paula Grey, Director of Public Health for Liverpool, added: “Smoking accounts for one in five of all deaths, according to Department of Health figures.
“We have a real commitment to working to prevent counterfeit and illegal tobacco coming into this country, as well as creating a smoke free environment for everyone.”
Tobacco done up in pink to hook young
We don’t see much of the cheap Marlboro Man anymore, but what about the "Virginia Slims" woman? Everybody knows what happened to him – or them, two of whom died from lung cancer. She, however, was never quite as iconic. But that doesn’t mean the tobacco companies don’t have a soft spot for women, especially the young ones, according to a new report released Wednesday. Issued by the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, the report alleges tobacco companies are trying to cultivate a generation of new users with fruity flavored cheap cigarettes and marketing campaigns that target young people, including young women and girls. In particular, the report takes issue with a recent R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company campaign that it says is clearly designed to attract girls with hot pink product packaging, ladies-only nights at clubs and cutesy party giveaway bags containing cigarettes, berry-flavored lip gloss and cell phone "bling." David Howard, spokesman for the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, said the Camel No. 9 marketing campaign is not about reaching young people. There are 20 million adult women smokers, Howard said, and 19 million of them smoke some brand other than Camel. Health organizations involved with the report, however, insist the ads cross the line against marketing tobacco products to youth. The report was released in collaboration with the American Lung Association, American Cancer Society and American Heart Association. "It seems pretty clear that the ads were designed to appeal to young girls and 20-somethings," said Ellen Vargyus, counsel for the American Legacy Foundation, an anti-smoking organization. "From [tobacco companies’] point of view, it’s sound marketing to do that. We know that 80 percent of smokers start before they’re 18." "In the days when tobacco companies were not so careful about what they said they used to call teens ‘replacement smokers,’" Vargyus said. According to the American Heart Association, more than 178,000 women die from smoking-related diseases in a year. While death from uterine and stomach cancer has decreased in the last 70 years, lung cancer has surged among women, with an increase in incidence of almost 400 percent in the last 20 years. The Camel No. 9 campaign caused quite a stir last fall. A group of 40 U.S. House members sent letters to 11 magazines calling on them to stop carrying the ads. The magazines, and their parent companies after them, either did not respond or refused. If the goal of the ads was to get cheap cigarettes in the hands of young women and girls, tobacco companies chose the right style and place, said Rosemarie Conforti, a professor of media literacy and education at Southern Connecticut State University. "In the age of age aspiration, there are many tween girls who are reading these magazines because they want to be older," Conforti said. "Magazines, and they know this, are absolutely the manual on how to be a young woman." Conforti said the fashion layout especially is the kind of guide girls love. It tells you how to be sophisticated and fashion-forward in three simple steps, she said, and it shows you the lifestyle that goes along with it through the cheap cigarettes ad on the right. "Obviously, the fourth implied step is: ‘And smoke,’" Conforti said. As these kinds of ads define what it means to be a woman, Conforti said, they also establish a benchmark against which girls and women measure themselves, having a cumulative impact that is more about long-term effects on lifestyle and less about one particular product. R.J. Reynolds has said it will not advertise in print magazines in 2008. The Camel No. 9 campaign, however, continues online and through other promotional materials that are given away at bar parties. "The innocence mixed with the sophistication – the roses and the pink mixed with the black - it’s the two sides that every girl wants to be," Conforti said. "Sweet and sexy, sweet and sexy, that’s what women hear over and over again. You can either be an angel or a whore, and we don’t have a lot of choices for what’s right down the middle."
Smokers can rescue discount cigarettes of purchase online.
Cigarettes in Europe can be got under lower prices because inevitable expenses of their manufacture it is essential more low than the expenses suffered in manufacture of the same cigarettes in the USA. Under these conditions, these days, probably to buy online the best tissue marks: cheap cigarettes Marlboro, a cheap Camel and cheap Winston.The choice of discount cigarettes was never better for smokers these days when they do purchases for cigarettes online. They can go for the best marks of discount cigarettes which exist in the world as: the Camel, cigarettes Marlboro, Winston, Parliament, Newport, Davidoff and others. Inexpensive does not offer poor quality. When shops of the smoker online, at them are unique possibility to receive first-rate quality tobacco directly on an entrance of their house. Cigarettes are not unique in terms of presence of lower price when you buy their online. There many products which are sold that way. It is not important, from what Internet shop you receive cigarettes, you will study certainly who has made them and whence they originally.
At purchase of discount cigarettes online is many privileges simply going to your local shop. You should not leave the apartment. Cheap cigarettes of your choice will be brought the right to your door. Also you receive chance to save your money and time. E-shops are opened 24 hours per day, are ready to help their clients in every respect. Some clients have problems about movement for discount cigarettes. They are afraid, that someone can threaten their sensitive information; the government can apply duties on them. For this reason the majority of e-shops has a special point which assures nondisclosure. For last five years of sale of cheap cigarettes online have raised considerably, and it is a lot of smokers today prefers discount cigarettes bought in their local shops.
Marlboro Man in Lausanne
